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This website is a social network for men and women, who are looking to chat and make interesting contacts. In addition to the thousands of new registrations every day, you will have the opportunity to chat with virtual online profiles in our virtual entertainment world, although real meetings with them are not. When a source does not indicate the publisher or the date of publication, supply as much of the information as you can, enclosing it in square brackets to show it did not come from the source. If a date is approximate, put after circa. Unless your professor asks you to do so. FarmersOnly.com® Official Site - Online Dating, Free Dating Site & Farmer Dating Online For Singles. A short title in quotation marks, in cases in which the heading is too unwieldy to cite in full. Because there is no date and no author, your text citation would include the title (or short title) 'n.d.' For no date, and paragraph number (e.g., 'Heuristic,' n.d., para.

Generally speaking, if you cannot identify the author of a source, you move the title to the author position in the reference list/works cited and use a shortened version of the title for the in-text citation. If you cannot identify the publication date, you substitute n.d. for “no date.” Here are examples of how it works in the three major citation styles:

APA Style

If a source is missing both the author or publication date, the citation will include the title, 'n.d.' for 'no date,' and the source. Make sure that there is no identifiable author. Sometimes the author is a company or other group rather than an individual.

Reference page (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines)

General Format:

Title of resource. (n.d.). Source.

In-Text Citations

General Format:

(Title, n.d.)

OR

Title (n.d.)

For additional examples and tips on citing sources with no author or date in APA Style, check out the APA Style's page Missing Reference Information This link opens in a new window.

For a complete walk-through of citing sources in APA, check out the APA 7th Edition This link opens in a new window playlist.

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MLA Style

Works Cited (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):

Per the MLA Handbook (8th edition), p. 24-25:

If no author’s name is given for the article you are citing and there isn't a corporate author that can be identified, begin the entry with the title. Ignore any 'A', 'An', or 'The' when you alphabetize the entry.

“Where Angels No Longer Fear to Tread.” Economist 22 Mar. 2008: 89+.

If a book has no author’s or editor’s name on the title page, begin the entry with the title. Do not use 'Anonymous' or 'Anon'.

American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Houghton, 2005.

Beowulf. Translated by Alan Sullivan and Timothy Murphy, edited by Sarah Anderson, Pearson, 2004.

When a source does not indicate the publisher or the date of publication, supply as much of the information as you can, enclosing it in square brackets to show it did not come from the source. If a date is approximate, put after circa. Do not use n.d. unless your professor asks you to do so. See. 2.6.1. for more information or the MLA Style Center This link opens in a new window.

>[circa 2008]

[2008?]

In-Text Citation (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):

Per the MLA Handbook (8th edition), p. 55 and 56:

In a parenthetical reference to a work alphabetized by title in the list of works cited, the full title (if brief) or a shortened version precedes the page, paragraph, section, or reference number or numbers (if any), unless the title appears in your text. When abbreviating the title, begin with the word by which it is alphabetized.

In-text:

International espionage was as prevalent as ever in the 1990s (“Decade”).

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Works Cited format:

“Decade of the Spy.” Newsweek 7 Mar. 1994: 26-27.

For additional examples and tips on citing sources with no author or date in MLA Style, check out the Purdue OWL (Works Cited This link opens in a new window, Parenthetical Reference This link opens in a new window).

Chicago Style

Per the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition):

Notes and Bibliography method (p. 697 and 722) (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):

If the author or editor is unknown, the note or bibliography entry should normally begin with the title. An initial article is ignored in alphabetizing.

A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced (London, 1610).

A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. London, 1610.

When the publication date of a printed work cannot be ascertained, the abbreviation n.d. takes the place of the year in the publication details. A guessed-at date may either be substituted (in brackets) or added.

Boston, n.d.

Edinburgh, [1750?] or Edinburgh, n.d., ca. 1750

Author-Date References (p. 801) (don't forget to indent the second and subsequent lines):

If the author or editor is unknown, the reference list entry should normally begin with the title. An initial article is ignored in alphabetizing. Text citations may refer to a short form of the title but must include the first word (other than the initial article).

A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. 1610. London.

(True and Sincere Declaration 1610)

When the publication date of a printed work cannot be ascertained, the abbreviation n.d. takes the place of the year in the reference list entry and text citations. Though it follows a period in the reference list, n.d. remains lowercased to avoid conflation with the author’s name; in text citations, it is preceded by a comma. A guessed-at date may be substituted (in brackets).

Nano, Jasmine L. [1750?] Title of Work…

(Nano [1750?])

(Nano, n.d.)

For additional information on citing sources with no author or date in Chicago Style, check out the Purdue OWL This link opens in a new window.

More information

• Citing Your Sources Guide (Shapiro Library)

Further Help

This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please be sure to speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite a resource without an author or date in your class assignments and projects.

Campus Students

To access academic support, visit your Brightspace course and select “Tutoring and Mentoring” from the Academic Support pulldown menu.

Online Students

To access help with citation and more, visit Academic Support via modules in Brightspace:

References

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7^th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

The Modern Language Association of America. (2016). MLA Handbook. Modern Language Association of America.

University of Chicago. (2017). The Chicago Manual of Style. University of Chicago Press.